Grid penalty
A grid penalty drops a driver a set number of places from where they qualified.
Two very different things earn one. The first is a driving offence — causing a collision, impeding another car in qualifying — carried over to the next race.
The second is mechanical and far more common: every driver has an allocation of power unit components for the season, and exceeding it brings an automatic penalty. Teams often take a large one deliberately at a circuit where overtaking is easy, accepting a bad Sunday to bank fresh parts for later.